Dark Energy (Definition)

Dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates space and exerts a negative pressure, which would have gravitational effects to account for the differences between the theoretical and observational results of gravitational effects on visible matter. Dark energy is not directly observed, but rather inferred from observations of gravitational interactions between astronomical objects. The term dark energy was coined by the theoretical cosmologist Michael S. Turner. Dark Energys Predecessor Before physicists knew about dark energy, a cosmological constant  was a feature of Einsteins original general relativity equations that caused the universe to be static. When it was realized the universe was expanding, the assumption was that the cosmological constant had a value of zero--an assumption that remained dominant among physicists and cosmologists for many years. Discovery of Dark Energy In 1998, two different teams--the Supernova Cosmology Project and the High-z Supernova Search Team--both failed at their goal of measuring the deceleration of the universes expansion. In fact, they measured not only a deceleration but a totally unexpected acceleration  (Well, almost totally unexpected: Stephen Weinberg had once made such a prediction). Further evidence since 1998 has continued to support this finding, that distant regions of the universe are actually speeding up with respect to each other. Instead of a steady expansion, or a slowing expansion, the expansion rate is getting faster, which means that Einsteins original cosmological constant prediction manifests in todays theories in the form of dark energy. The latest findings indicate that over 70% of the universe is composed of dark energy. In fact, only about 4% is believed to be made up of ordinary, visible matter. Figuring out more details about the physical nature of dark energy is one of the major theoretical and observational goals of modern cosmologists. Also Known As: vacuum energy, vacuum pressure, negative pressure, cosmological constant

Don t Let Your Dreams Be Dreams - 1161 Words

â€Å"Don’t let your dreams be dreams, just do it†, Shia Lebouf. Young Lewis and Clark dreamed of adventures and exploring. They did not let their dreams be dreams. As adults the two would lead an expedition of historical significance to the United States. â€Å"Meriwether Lewis was born on August 18, 1774, near Charlottesville, Virginia and was the boyhood neighbor of Thomas Jefferson.† (lewisandclark) â€Å"Meriwether Lewis spent much of his time as a youth in the outdoors, and developed an interest in plants, animals, and geology. He enlisted as a private in the Virginia Volunteer Corps during the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794. In 1795, he joined the regular U.S. Army at the rank of Ensign and was later promoted to the rank of Captain. In 1801 Lewis became the personal secretary to Thomas Jefferson, the newly-elected President of the United States. (Scienceviews) â€Å"William Clark was born on August 1, 1770. William Clark was a Virginian native who was four years older than Lewis, (lewisandclark) Clark joined the militia at age 19. In 1791, he transferred to the regular army as an Ensign, advancing to the rank of lieutenant. William Clark was at one point, Meriwether Lewis’ commander during their service in the m ilitia. Clark resigned his commission in 1796, returning to his family estate which he later inherited.† (Scienceviews) â€Å"President Jefferson s plans for the nation depended upon western expansion and access to international markets for American farm products.†Show MoreRelatedA Positive Perspective On Life Essay1395 Words   |  6 Pagessome seemingly bright people not do as well as could be expected, while other less fortunate people reach their dreams and goals in life? Eleanor Roosevelt once said, â€Å"The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams†. Which basically means that if you can dream it, you can do it. 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Coconut Sugar Production free essay sample

The province of Zamboanga del Norte is predominantly planted to coconut trees being the second largest coconut producing province nationwide. The municipality of Mutia typifies this agricultural landscape having coconut as its major crop. Prompted by the emergence of local and international market demands for coconut sugar, our family has decided to invest on this new business venture. Moreover, many of our coconut plantation workers are distant relatives or acquaintances whom we’ve developed close ties through years of working together, our family are also inclined help workers by giving them better avenues of financial gains. . Description: Transforming the coconut sap to sugar granules is appropriate and best adapted to a farm-level or medium scale enterprise. It is a good and sustainable source of immediate income for with an increasing demand both in the local and international markets. To realize this, the project should undergo two major phases. First, the establishment of Aromatic variety in our family owned land. The unique characteristic of this variety makes it the best source of coconut sap for sugar processing. Almost halfway to the field establishments commences the construction of the village-type processing plant for coconut sap sugar. Freshness of the sap is a key factor to caramelization process, hence proximity of the source of raw materials to the processing plant should be considered. Our family will also provide the lot and labor for the processing plant. The second phase, coconut sugar production, will start upon completion of the processing plant. Initially, it will utilize the coconut sap from existing coconut trees in the area while waiting for the Aromatic variety to mature. 4. Objectives: General, this new business venture aims liberate our decades long of dependency on copra production through optimum utilization of coco-based resources. Specifically, the project also aims to achieve the following: a. Develop other coconut by-products into profitable and sustainable business ventures such as sugar, syrup, juice and etc. b. Promote local employment by generating a number jobs on a regular basis. 5. Expected Project Benefits amp; Outcomes: Two years after planting the Aromatic variety seedlings, it is expected to have reached its productive stage bearing nuts and producing sap. Earnings from fresh sap per tree are estimated at P768. 00 per month. Similarly, young nuts for buko juice will contribute a minimum of P150. 0 per tree every two months. This addition is already a huge contribution and great advantage to the meager income from copra production being realized only every three months. More importantly, this venture will also create employment opportunities for the locales in the area. 6. Project Innovation One of the major drawbacks of coconut sugar production is the sap collection. Using the dwarf Aromatic vari ety eliminates the dangers of tapping the inflorescence of tall coconut trees making it more convenient and hassle free. This motivates farmers to deliver fresh sap regularly to the processing center ensuring continuous production output. Other than sugar, it is also recommended to process the sap collected early in the morning into syrup which proved to be just as sellable like its granulated form. Early morning sap had undergone fermentation which made it impossible to turn into sugar. So turning this rejected sap into syrup increased the economic value of every tree. Young nut from this variety is best also for commercial buko juice purposes being the sweetest and most flavourful among coconut varieties. Hence, farmers can earn from fresh saps and young nuts from every tree which leads to enhanced productivity and income. Planting the Aromatic variety as the subsequent source of coconut sap for sugar processing is definitely an improvement of the present coconut sugar production which obviously is very cumbersome and dangerous. B. Methodology: a. Establishment of Coconut Aromatic Variety This phase will cover the period from procurement of seedlings, land preparation and field planting to care and maintenance until fruit- bearing stage. The duration of these activities is approximately two years. Funds for the planting materials of the Aromatic variety, land, labor and other essential inputs will be shelled out by the proponent of the project (family patriarch) as part of equity of the loan. b. Construction of Coconut Sugar Processing Plant Construction of this facility will follow the recommended design and program of works prepared by the Philippine Coconut Authority based on the standards of the Bureau of Food and Drugs. Funds for the plant construction will be part of the amount to be sourced out through loan. . Coconut Sugar Processing The existing coconut trees in the area will be the initial source of coconut sap for sugar production as the Aromatic variety starts to bear fruit which is about two years after planting, a significant characteristic of dwarf varieties. Areas of Consideration: a. Production area – A total of four (4) hectares of coconut land is the proposed area and source of coconut sap. The nearby area is also privately owned coconut land, as well as the entire municipality could be a source of coconut sap, since the town is considered a coconut-based municipality. . Production site – The processing plant is strategically located, 1. 5 kms away from the production area and 0. 5 kms away from the local market. c. Availability of Processing Equipment – The presence of suppliers or dealers of this type of processing equipment is an advantage to the proposed project. d. Accessibility of Road Network The road network is accessible from the production site to the processing site. However, the road network within the farm is only trail except from the entrance of the farm to the farm house which is cemented. e. Possible Outlet Distribution System The coconut sugar can be distributed through retail and wholesale. It shall be retailed in the local commercial center and sold wholesale in the cities and even in Metro Cebu and Manila. C. PROJECT MANAGEMENT 1. Banking on Family Business Experience Sugar production is not something new to the our family. For quite some time now, we do have a few land areas intended for cane sugar production. The negative effects to the soil from continuous cropping of sugarcane had prompted our family to look for other alternative raw materials for sugar production. The advent of coconut sap in the sugar industry is considered an answer to this dilemma. Most of our workers involved in sugar processing are experts in their own field. Their tools and equipment for sugar production are still in good operating condition and can be utilized for the preliminary production of coconut sugar. Plus, their skills on cane sugar processing can be applied to coconut sap sugar which is very similar except for some added ingredients in the first. 2. Roles and Functions Management of the business operation will be directly under a very simple core management people which is comprised of family members specifically created for this venture. But just like other family owned businesses, its governing policies and procedures are decreed by the family members managing key positions. During the initial phase of operation, this core management team will be tapping the expertise of another senior family member who will act as a Business Development Specialist who will guide the team until such time this group becomes capable of running the business operation on their own. During the institutional capability building and strengthening phase, the BDS is expected to facilitate meetings and seminars. Likewise, the BDS acts as facilitator in providing the technology on coconut field establishment and during the hands-on training on sugar processing. Simultaneous to managing the business operations during the initial critical period, is the coaching and mentoring of the core management team. Developing other market outlets (local and export) is likewise expected from him.